Is This Real-Molecular Switch For Memory And Addiction?
Research has pointed out that learning and memory formations are based on the creation of new connections between neurons in all the brain. While examining the effects of some drugs, it has been found that behaviors such as nicotine addiction manifest themselves in long-term changes of neural connectivity. In this respect, can we think about what causes addiction? Since we are saying learning involves connections between neurons in the brain, and this is the same thing that addiction will do, then addiction can be viewed as a form of learning.
How does memory switch occur?
One of the fundamental explanations of how this occurs is by the fact that it involves joining of neurons in the brain. Scientists have discovered a molecular switch that plays a key role in the establishment of addictive behaviors and addiction. The success of their ideas may lead to new technologies in the control of loss of memory and probably treatment of addictive behaviors.
The process involves neural cells being sent from one cell to the next one in the form of chemical compounds known as neurotransmitters. This is usually the first step in the learning process in the brain. This prompts sequence of events which result in the changes in the neural connectivity and hence the memory consolidation. It is important to note that nicotine can equivalently have a similar behavior by triggering the rearrangement of the brain connections.
How does the process flow?
Usually the first step is the introduction of neural plasticity, which is the formation of new connections in the brain. It involves calcium. Consequently as a response to neurotransmitters, cocaine or nicotine, calcium will increase the site of neuronal connection, known as the synapse.
The second step will be that the calcium will induce gene expression. Due the synthesis of proteins, it will lead to new and reinforced synaptic connectivity. It has been explained scientifically that this increase in calcium is only part of the first step in this process and thus does not depend on the gene expression.
Contrary to the argument above, some scientists have challenged it and tried to experiment the facts using mice. They realized that nicotine administration to mice induced the expression of a gene called type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2).
Is RyR2 involved in calcium release?
The RyR2 protein has been found to be involved in the release of calcium from a cell internal calcium store, the endoplasmic reticulum, thus leading to a sustained long-term signaling manner. This sustenance of calcium increase consequently leads to neuronal plasticity.
To be more specific, RyR2 is expressed in a number of critical brain areas associated with cognition and addiction as the cortex and ventral midbrain, suggesting that RyR2 induction plays a pivotal role in these given processes.
More and more researches were consequently done to confirm the idea. These experiments indicated that reduction in the RyR2 activation in animals were able to abolish behaviors associated with learning, memory and also addiction. This was absolutely a confirmation that RyR2 was required to develop long-term changes in the brain that could lead to addiction.
What is the future of Molecular Switch for Memory and Addiction?
The results of those experiments were actually a milestone towards the understanding of the molecular processes which underlie our memory and addiction. This is an area that has not been exploited up to date though, and scientists are working tirelessly hoping they will soon come up with therapies based on these discoveries which will help in the treatment of addictions and also give counter measures to memory losses.
All we can hope is for this to happen soon than sooner, since the damage of addiction if already a concern all over the world and any success in this area will be a breakthrough for everyone in the world.
Is This Real-Molecular Switch For Memory And Addiction?
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